There are specified reasons or indications for surgery for removing enlarged adenoids. Your ENT specialist would determine if surgery is indicated based on evaluation and facts available to him/her

Adenoids are a patch of tissue that sits at the very back of the nasal passage. The adenoids help to stop bacteria and viruses from entering the body through the nose. In kids, adenoids usually begin to shrink after about 5 years of age and often practically disappear by the teen years. Because adenoids trap germs that enter the body, adenoid tissue can temporarily swell as it tries to fight off an infection. These symptoms are often associated with enlarged adenoids:
difficulty breathing through the nose
breathing through the mouth
talking as if the nostrils are pinched
noisy breathing snoring stopped breathing for a few seconds during sleep (sleep apnea)
frequent "sinus" symptoms
ongoing ear middle ear infections or middle ear fluid in a school-aged child.

The management of adenoids depends on the severity and the age of the child. It ranges from observation, medical treatment of complications e.g Infections with antibiotics to survey for very big adenoids causing obstruction to the airway or recurrent infections.

Yes, it can affect growth. Enlarged adenoids that is symptomatic